Gene and Stem Cell Therapies for Treating Epilepsy

Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 583 Background .................................................................................................................................... 584 Gene Therapy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ................................................................................... 586 GABAA Receptors and GABA .................................................................................................. 587 Neuropeptide Y ......................................................................................................................... 588 Galanin ...................................................................................................................................... 588 Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.................................................................................... 589 Gene Therapy for Neuroprotection ........................................................................................... 589 Prospects for Treating Genetic Forms of Epilepsy with Gene Therapy .................................... 589 Stem Cell Therapy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ........................................................................... 590 The GABA Hypothesis of TLE ................................................................................................. 590 Studies of Fetal Neurons as a Source for Transplantation ........................................................ 591 Genetically Engineered Cell Lines as a Source for Transplantation ......................................... 592 Neuromodulation with Adenosine............................................................................................. 592 ES Cell-Derived Neurons for Cell Transplantation Therapies .................................................. 593 Generating Specific Types of Neurons for Transplantation from ES Cells ............................... 593 Role of Epigenetic Factors in Regulating the Production and Differentiation of ES CellDerived Neural Precursors for Transplantation ......................................................................... 594 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 596 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 596 References ...................................................................................................................................... 596